The SSA is now inactive.  During the brief period of their organization, they were not responsible for any violent acts.  Beauregard's arrest, along with nationwide investigations of militant groups following the Atlanta Olympics and Oklahoma City bombings, most likely influenced the vast majority of SSA members to leave the group.

On January 28, 1994, a group calling themselves the "Southern California IRA" claimed responsibility for placing three grenades outside British-owned businesses in San Diego, California.  The grenades did not explode and were later determined to be unarmed "practice grenades". Each grenade contained a note which apparently decried the longstanding US policy of denying US travel visas to Sinn Fein (the IRA's political wing) President Gerry Adams. <P><br /><br />Oddly enough, the US was on the verge of approving a visit by Adams at the time of the grenade hoax.  In fact, the incident threw a wrench in Adams' plans, and he was required to apologize and condemn the attack before he was eventually granted his visa. <P><br /><br />Given that the IRA has had no past history of violent action in the US, and that the attack had the exact opposite effect of its supposed intention, some speculate that the Southern California IRA never existed and was simply a British plot.  This has never been proven to be the case, although the British government did strongly oppose the granting of a visa to Adams.  In any case, all US officials involved with the incident were issued a gag order, and the true identity of the Southern California IRA remains unknown.  <br />

The Southern California IRA is inactive.

Southern Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM)

Sudan People's Liberation Army -- Founding Group

Movement of Riak Machar, Southern Sudan Independence Army, Southern Sudan Independence Movement/Army (SSIM/A), Sudan People&#8217;s Liberation Army United (SPLA United)

Illegal taxation of local civilian population, among other sources

The Southern Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) was a militant rebel army in southern Sudan opposed to the Khartoum government, which is perceived to favor the minority northern Arab Muslim population over the southern Sudanese animist/Christian people. SSIM fighters were mainly of Nuer descent and came from the oil-rich region of the Upper Nile. This organization focused on conducting combat operations against the Sudanese military, though at times it resorted to terrorist tactics against non-combatant targets, as seen in its 1995 kidnapping of 12 Medicins Sans Frontieres (MSF) workers.<br /><p><br /><br />Originally called the SPLM/A-United, the SSIM was created by Dr. Riak Machar in August 1991 when it split from John Garang's mainly ethnic-Dinka Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) over philosophical differences. As their names would suggest, the SPLA envisioned a unified and democratic Sudan as their goal, whereas the SSIM faction was willing to secede from Sudan if the government would not meet their demands for equal treatment. Ironically, it was the SSIM that would merge with government forces in April 1996, when Khartoum and six rebel groups from the south, including the SSIM, signed a peace agreement. In April 1997, the agreement was formalized in the Sudan Peace Agreement, which created the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF), a political body that served to merge elements of the militant groups into the government and internal security forces of the state. The military wing of this body, used to patrol Southern Sudan on behalf of the government, was called the Southern Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and was led by Machar. In August 1997, the Khartoum government appointed Machar to the Presidency of the Coordinating Council of the Southern States and Assistant of the President of the Republic, a cabinet-level position. <br />