Very little information is available concerning the Russian terrorist organization, Red Guerillas.  In taking responsibility for their lone terrorist attack, a 2002 bombing of the offices of "Marching Together," a youth group supportive of Russian President Vladimir Putin; the Red Guerillas espoused no ideology and identified no objectives to their activity.  The silence of the Red Guerillas, both before and after the 2002 bombing, leave us more or less in the dark about their motives and membership.  From their name and their choice of targets, however, once might guess that the Red Guerillas are pro-Communist militants opposed to Putin's rule.  <P> Longing for a return to Communism is not uncommon in Russia, and Communist parties regularly perform well in local and national elections.  However, the majority of citizens continue to support President Putin and his allies, especially given the improving economic picture throughout most of the country as well as the escalating incidences of Chechen terrorist attacks on Russian soil.  It remains to be seen whether the Red Guerillas will resurface in the near future, or if other Communist groups will be drawn to violence as a means of circumventing the democratic process which continues to keep their opponents in power.<br />

The first and last attack by the Red Guerillas took place in September 2002.  No further activity is predicted. <br />

Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) -- Shared Members
Orange Volunteers (OV) -- Shared Members
Ulster Defence Association/Ulster Freedom Fighters -- Shared Members

The Red Hand Defenders (RHD) is a little known loyalist terrorist organization in Northern Ireland that is believed to be a cover organization for members of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). The red hand of Ulster, a symbol commonly associated with Protestants, is utilized by unionists and loyalists to symbolize the six counties of Northern Ireland.  <p><br />First emerging in 1998, the RHD is believed to be used by larger loyalist groups to enable members to continue to conduct attacks while their organizations observe ceasefires. The RHD emerged at the same time as the Orange Volunteers and is believed to share the same members. There have also been several instances where the two organizations claimed responsibility for the same attack. <p><br />Opposed to the Good Friday Agreement, the RHD seeks to derail the peace process by attacking Catholic civilians through the use of pipe bombings, arson attacks, and bomb hoaxes on 'soft' targets such as residences, businesses, and, notoriously, Catholic school staff and postal workers in Belfast. <br />